The Nazi who saved over 200,000 Chinese lives

Nazism was undoubtedly the most evil political ideology to ever take over a whole country with its central aim being to murder whole races and nationalities out of existence.  Yet that doesn't mean that there weren't individual Nazi Party members who went out of their way to save lives.    

Perhaps the most well known example is Oskar Schindler, a party member who saved some 1,200 Jews by employing them in his factory, and whose story is portrayed in the award winning film Schindler's List.  

However one individual who is far less well known was John Rabe who saved as many as 200,000 Chinese citizens from murder by the Japanese during the Nanjing Massacre in 1937. 

What was the Nanjing Massacre?

In July 1937, Imperial Japan started a war of expansionist aggression against China, and in November, after a battle that lasted three months, captured the city of Shanghai.  

The Japanese then proceeded inland to Nanjing, then capital of China, and after capturing the city in December 1937, brutally murdered up to 300,000 of the city's inhabitants - men, women and children - in the most disgusting ways imaginable.

The period just before and during the Japanese takeover of the city, with its bombings and arrival of the Japanese Army, saw most foreigners leave the city, along with the national and city government .  

It was in this context that between 20 and 30 foreigners chose to stay in Nanjing, despite the impending danger, to do what ever they could to help the locals.  One of these men was John Rabe.

Who was John Rabe?
Born in Hamburg in 1882, John Rabe (known in Chinese as Ai Labei) had lived in China for 29 years, and worked for Siemens for 27 of them.  He was the leading figure in the German community in the city, and was the head of the local branch of the Nazi Party.  

In late November 1937, as the Japanese were advancing, these foreigners who remained established the Nanjing Safety Zone, to protect as many citizens as possible, and it consisted of areas of the city north west of Xinjeikou and West of Golou.  Much of this area consisted of the University and foreign embassies, along with the private homes of many of the foreigners themselves.  

Due to John Rabe's Nazi connections, he was subsequently elected to lead the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, since Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan had close relations, and so it was felt that he could use his position as a Nazi official to influence the Japanese to not commit such atrocities.  

The setting up of this safety zone is agreed by different sources to have potentially saved up to 250,000 lives, and in Rabe's own home and garden, he welcomed around 600 refugees.

Although the Japanese declared that they would not attack any area that was not occupied by Chinese soldiers, (which was true of the Safety Zone), the Japanese did violate this declaration from time to time by kidnapping and murdering refugees who had fled inside.   Nevertheless, the atrocities here were far less than in the rest of the city, and Rabe hung the flag of Nazi Germany over his house to warn the Japanese of his international connections.  

Rabe's diary entries, like those of other foreigners, provide horrific accounts of what happened and how the Japanese authorities from the Embassy tried to threaten him to lie about the situation in Nanjing.  It was in February of 1938 that Rabe left for Germany to try to inform the west of this monstrous crime.  

Thus, in Germany, he gave lectures, showed film footage and wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler convincing the latter to use his influence to convince the Japanese to stop their crimes against Chinese Civilians.   For the latter action, he was detained by the Gestapo and the letter never passed on.   It was only for the intervention of Siemens that he was released.  

With the victory of the Allies in the Second World War and their subsequent occupation of Germany, Rabe, as a former Nazi, was denied the right to work, and had to undergo a long and painful De-Nazification process whose legal fees depleted his savings and forced him and his family into poverty.  His family was thus forced to move into a one-room apartment, sell their Chinese Art Collection, and live off wild seeds to make soup just to stay alive.  

Hearing of his and his family's suffering, the people of Nanjing quickly razed the 2018 equivalent of $20,000 to help him, and the then Mayor of Nanjing personally travelled to Germany to buy food for him, and quickly a food package was sent each month, until the the city changed hands in the Chinese Civil War.  

Visiting his former home

John Rabe's Nanjing home and memorial given
to him by Nanjing University.  Taken two
weeks ago in November 2018.

His former family home, build in 1932 by the University, still stands on the west side of Zongshanlu next to Zhujianglu subway station.  It has since become a museum, and the university's own memorial hall.  

What I saw when I visited his house over a week ago confirmed how his image in mainland China has changed immensely in the last decades  - before the warming of relations between Mainland China and the West in the 1970s, the foreigners in Nanjing were, if anything, seen by the Communists as collaborators with the Japanese, due partly to the general western treatment of China over the previous century.  

Now that has changed entirely, and back in April when I visited the main Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre, the role of American, Danish and German foreigners and particularly John Rabe, in saving so many lives, was greatly emphasised.  

And in Rabe's former home, the dramatic improvement in relations between China and the West was greatly evident.  Soon after I arrived, perhaps one hundred school children turned up with their teachers to be shown round the house by the Austrian guide who was in China as part of his National Service to bolster relations between his homeland and China.

German-Speaking visitors toured the home alongside Chinese visitors - a hero who had once been forgotten, if not snubbed, is now increasingly well remembered in the country whose citizens he had saved.  What was particularly noteworthy was that recent commemorations of him involved not just attendance by German and Chinese diplomats and politicians, but also representatives from the modern-day branch of Siemens in China.   

And so as his name is now more widely known in China itself, I also believe that it is high time that this hero be more widely known in the wider world too, just as Oskar Shindler is. 

One Hundred Years since the Armistice

Last Sunday marked one hundred years since the Armistice was signed ending a war which ended the lives of perhaps 16 million people and further ruined the lives of millions more.  With little wonder was it subsequently called the 'Great War' - and with a great deal of unfulfilled hope it was referred to as 'The War to End All Wars.'

While the Second World War is rightly remembered for the horrors of the Holocaust, still not enough people are aware that the First World War too was a genocidal war.  In the Armenian genocide, the Ottoman Empire literally tried to murder the Armenian, Syriac and Anatolian Greek populations out of existence, and is the sole reason why Armenia is such a small and land-locked country today.

World War One is also seen differently from World War Two in other not so accurate ways too - whereas many people in Britain, particularly I think on the political left, see World War Two as our good war and World War One as our bad war, I personally think that the difference between the two was not so stark.  

In both cases, Britain was fighting a just and highly necessary cause against Imperialist Aggression on the Continent, and in both cases Britain was at the same time the Imperialist Oppressor in her own colonies.  Nevertheless, the latter in no way negates the fact that what Britain did in both world wars was highly necessary and also courageous.

It was in World War One that the Russian Empire, the French Empire and the British Empire bravely took up arms to defend Serbia and Belgium, respectively, from the Imperialist Aggression of the Central Powers, even though, I would argue, it was not in any of those three countries own interests to do so at that time.

Russia, for example, was at least two years away from completing the modernisation of her army  - they did not want to fight then, while Britain only had a small force that had to be urgently expanded from August 1914.  I therefore genuinely believe that what Russia and Britain were fighting for was a genuine sense of honour and obligation towards Serbia and Belgium, respectively, against the undeserved aggression by the Central powers.

The ultimate victory of the Western Allies in the war meant that what they were fighting for - the rights of small European Nations against the aggression of big Empires - was exactly the outcome the war; the big Empires broke up, and their subject nations gained their independence.  

And with the victory of the Western Allies came the modern progressive ideals that are the foundation stone of the world today - self-determination, as expressed in U.S. President Wilson's fourteen points, and international arbitration in the form of the League of Nations.  

For the first time ever, Europe was to be a continent of free and independent nation-states, and not one of arbitrarily expansionist autocratic Empires - and that is arguably the biggest political change that Europe has ever seen since the dawn of its history - and a change much for the better.  

Had the Central Powers won the war, the opposite would have happened - Serbia would have been unwillingly annexed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the subject peoples of the latter would not have gained their independence, and in the case of Poland, she would have been a rump puppet state, with plans discussed by some in Berlin to deport the Polish population of 'Prussian' Poland into the newly created smaller Poland.  Likewise, the three Baltic States would have been under German satellite control, and not the independent Republics that they were in the Interwar period. 

Not only did the allied victory bring to an end the old Imperialism that had dominated Europe itself, it also weakened colonial Imperialism on the other continents too - nationalists such as Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam and other across the colonised World saw in President Wilson's ideals hope of their own liberation too, a decisive moment in the development of the anti-colonial struggles of many of these countries, even though independence was only gained after the Second World War.

Tragically, World War One was not the war to end all wars, but due to it being such a decisive turn towards Self-Determination, the Rights of Small Nations, Decolonisation and International Arbitration, the allied victory laid the foundation stone for the great peace that we have seen since 1945, even though Hitler's attempted undoing of all that required an even deadlier war to stop him from doing so.

For that reason, we owe a huge debt to those who sacrificed everything in both World Wars, and should remember that the liberties and justice that we enjoy in this century are down to the suffering and sacrifice that those generations had to endure.